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¡¡¡¡¡¡Challia fletcheri Burr, 1904 [¥à¥«¥·¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
Diplatyidae [¥É¥¦¥Ü¥½¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Diplatys flavicollis (Shiraki, 1907) [¥É¥¦¥Ü¥½¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
Anisolabididae [¥Þ¥ë¥à¥Í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) [¥³¥Ò¥²¥¸¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Euborellia plebeja (Dohrn, 1863) [¥­¥¢¥·¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥· (¥³¥Ð¥Í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·)
¡¡¡¡¡¡Gonolabis marginalis Dohrn, 1864 [¥Ò¥²¥¸¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Gonolabis distincta (Nishigawa, 1969) [¥ß¥Ê¥ß¥Þ¥ë¥à¥Í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli, 1832) [¥Ï¥Þ¥Ù¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥· (¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·)]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Anisolabis ryukyuensis (Nishikawa, 1969) [¥ê¥å¥¦¥­¥å¥¦¥Ò¥²¥¸¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Anisolabis sp.
Labiduridae [¥ª¥ª¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773) [¥ª¥ª¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Nala lividipes (Dufour, 1828) [¥Ò¥á¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
Spongiphoridae [¥¯¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê (¥Á¥Ó¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê)]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Nesogaster lewisi (Bormans, 1903) [¥¯¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Labia minor (Linnæus, 1758) [¥à¥¤¥ó¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Metalabella curvicauda (Motschulsky, 1863) [¥Á¥Ó¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
Chelisochidae [¥Æ¥Ö¥¯¥í¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê (¥Í¥Ã¥¿¥¤¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê)]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Proreus simulans (Stål, 1860) [¥¹¥¸¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
Forficulidae [¥¯¥®¥Ì¥­¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·²Ê]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Timomenus komarovi (Semenov, 1901) [¥â¥â¥Ö¥È¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Paratimomenus flavocapitatus (Shiraki, 1906) [¥­¥¬¥·¥é¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Eparchus yezoensis (Matsumura & Shiraki, 1905) [¥¨¥¾¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Anechura japonica (Bormans, 1880) [¥ä¥Þ¥È¥³¥Ö¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Anechura harmandi Burr, 1904 [¥³¥Ö¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥· (¥¢¥ë¥Þ¥ó¥³¥Ö¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·)]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Elaunon bipartitus (Kirby, 1891) [¥¹¥¸¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·¥â¥É¥­]
¡¡¡¡¡¡Forficula tomis (Kolenati, 1845) [¥¯¥®¥Ì¥­¥Ï¥µ¥ß¥à¥·]
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Pleurodeles waltl (Michahelles, 1830) Spanish Ribbed Newt (Pleurodeles waltl gallery)
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Introduction & Physical Description
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Pleurodeles waltl is a robust newt, with thick limbs, tail, and abdomen. P. waltl are large newts, and can reach up to 12 inches in total length, with averages around 8-9 inches. The tail is as long, sometimes longer than the body from snout to vent, and can become highly compressed in the lateral direction.Males possess longer, and more laterally compressed tails than females, and thicker forearms. Males are also slightly smaller than females, develop nuptial pads on the front legs, and a reddish-orange hue along the body during the breeding season. Males and females are similar in appearance, and often times difficult to differentiate. The coloration is rather variable, but generally consists of a light or dark gray background covered with blurry, irregular blotches of darker gray or black. The size and abundance of the blotches varies for different individuals, and some may instead be one solid color. Others may possess light colored blotches, and still others may have markedly contrasting blotches. The ventral background color is lighter than the dorsum, but possesses the same blurry dark blotches. Some individuals may lack the dark blotches altogether, and rarer individuals may be a solid yellowish-green color.The head is flattened, and the eyes are almost on the top of the head. The flattened head is thought to be an adaptation acquired to better execute quick escapes between flat rocks, and the purpose of the eye position may be to aid in detecting movements at the waters surface. There are two rows of yellow-orange dots running down each side of the inconspicuous dorsal ridge, that typically run the length of the abdomen, between the fore and hind limbs, but sometimes shorter. The dots are paratoid glands, and mark the position of the rib tips. These paratoid glands are very pronounced in some, and highly reduced in others. Just under the paratoid glands are the tips of the ribs, which are capable of rupturing the paratoid glands and piercing through the skin by contraction of the body.This is an excellent defense mechanism, for when an animal attempts to take a bite of a Spanish ribbed newt, not only does it get a mouth full of poison from the ruptured glands, it may be stabbed by the piercing ribs. The piercing ribs apparently do no cause permanent damage to the newts.
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Synonymy
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Taxonomic Synonymy: Salamandra funebris (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828), Pleurodeles waltl (Michahelles, 1830), Triton costatus (Wagler, 1830), Salamandra major (Gray, 1831), Salamandra fenestrata (Gray, 1831), Salamandra pleurodeles (Schlegel, 1837), Bradybates ventricosus (Tschudi, 1938), Pleurodeles waltlii (Waltl, 1839), Pleurodeles waltelei (Schinz, 1840), Pleurodeles Watlii (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854), Pleurodeles waltli (Wiedersheim, 1877), Triturus waltli (Boulenger, 1878), Molge waltlii (Boulenger, 1882), Triton pleurodles (Schultze, 1891), Triton waltlii (Wolterstorff, 1901), Triton waltli (Gadow, 1901), Pleurodeles waltl (Dunn, 1918), Pleurodeles waltl (Risch, 1985)
Vernacular Synonymy: Spanish Ribbed Newt, Sharp Ribbed Newt, Ribbed Newt, Spanish Newt, Iberian Ribbed Newt

ʬÎà³Ø¤ÎÎàµÁÀ­¡§Salamandra funebris¡Ê¥Ü¥ê¥Ç¥»¥ó¥È¥ô¥£¥ó¥»¥ó¥È¡¢1828¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltl¡ÊMichahelles¡¢1830¡Ë¡¢¥È¥ê¥È¥ócostatus¡ÊWagler¡¢1830¡Ë¡¢SalamandraĹĴ¡Ê¥°¥ì¥¤¡¢1831¡Ë¡¢Salamandra fenestrata¡Ê¥°¥ì¥¤¡¢1831¡Ë¡¢Salamandra pleurodeles¡Ê¥·¥å¥ì¡¼¥²¥ë¡¢1837¡Ë¡¢Bradybates ventricosus¡Ê¥Á¥å¡¼¥Ç¥£¡¢1938¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltlii¡ÊWaltl¡¢1839¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltelei¡ÊSchinz¡¢1840¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles Watlii¡Ê¥Ç¥å¥á¥ê¥ë¡¢Bibron¤È¥Ç¥å¥á¥ê¥ë¡Ê1854¡Ë¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltli¡Ê¥¦¥£¡¼¥Ç¥ë¥¹¥Ï¥¤¥à¡¢1877¡Ë¡¢Triturus waltli¡Ê¥Ö¡¼¥é¥ó¥¸¥§¡¢1878¡Ë¡¢Molge waltlii¡Ê¥Ö¡¼¥é¥ó¥¸¥§¡¢1882¡Ë¡¢¥È¥ê¥È¥ópleurodles¡Ê¥·¥å¥ë¥Ä¡¢1891¡Ë¡¢¥È¥ê¥È¥ówaltlii¡ÊWolterstorff¡¢1901¡Ë¡¢¥È¥ê¥È¥ówaltli¡ÊGadow¡¢1901¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltl¡Ê¥À¥ó¡¢1918¡Ë¡¢Pleurodeles waltl¡ÊRisch¡¢1985¡Ë
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Distribution & Natural Habitat of Pleurodeles spp.
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Pleurodeles waltl are found in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco. The newly elevated Pleurodeles nebulosus is found in Algeria and northern Tunisia, excluding the Edough Peninsular of Algeria (Frost, 2004).Pleurodeles poireti occupies the Edough Peninsular of Algeria. P. waltl are mostly, if not completely, aquatic, and can be found in an array of aquatic environments from permanent ponds to vernal pools. hey prefer clean, deep, cool, ponds, but are sometimes found in warmer areas and in murky or slightly saline waters. P. waltl are rarely seen on land, except when migrating to new water areas when the previous either dries up or becomes inhabitable for other reasons. Instead of migrating to new water bodies, some individuals may burrow into the mud bottom of a drying pond area, remaining in aestivation until the next rains come. Near Ben Slimane, Boulhaut, Morocco, P. waltl have been discovered in underwater caves, at depths of 198-230 feet (60-70 meters) (Schleich et al, 1996).

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P. waltl in Captivity
»ô°é²¼¤Ç¤ÎP. waltl



Pleurodeles waltl are very hardy in captivity, breeding regularly with little effort from their keepers. They can be considered one of the "indestructible" species. However, this does not mean they are impervious to problems if house improperly. Like all amphibians, P. waltl are susceptible to health problems and death from poor water quality, overcrowded conditions, mixed species tanks, etc. Pleurodeles waltl are large newts, capable of reaching up to 12 inches in total length, and averaging around 8-9 inches.P. waltl tend to nip at each other, and during feeding times can be blatantly violent. Because of their impressive size and voracious feeding habits, it is necessary to house these newts in large tanks with plenty of individual room.P. waltl are found at considerable depths in the wild, so a tall and wide tank is appropriate for this species. Although P. waltl are tolerant of warmer temperatures for periods of time, the water temperature should be kept within the 68ްF- 73ްF range during the warmer months. During the winter months, temperatures of 55ްF-63Fް are acceptable. P. waltl should be housed in a semi-aquatic or aquatic tank with a large percentage of deep, cool water. Personally, I have kept a colony of adults fully aquatic for a few years, and their offspring in a semi-aquatic setup with a small land area. It has been my experience that juveniles sometimes "rest" halfway exposed on the land area. Filtration can consist of a carbon and sponge insert filter, or a canister type biological filter for larger tanks. P. waltl prefer slower moving water bodies, so any filtration used should not create a strong disturbance. Filter outputs can be positioned to point toward the side of the tank, or can be blocked with heavy vegetation or rocks. Most new filter models come equipped with adjustable outputs, which should be set on medium or low. If filtration is omitted, a partial water change (10%-20%) should be administered weekly or biweekly, depending on the size of the tank and number of inhabitants. Although not practical in most situations, a water area of 3 feet or more is ideal for P. waltl. However, this is a rather adaptable newt, and a water level of 10+ inches should suffice in captivity. P. waltl are sensitive to water chemistry, and a sudden change from aquatic to terrestrial behavior may indicate a problem with the water quality. It is recommended to keep a freshwater test kit on hand, and regularly check the pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels. Aquatic plants can be included, but in general, P. waltl can do with or without heavy vegetation. Large, mossy rocks, potted plants, or driftwood protruding from the water are typically used for land areas, as P. waltl rarely emerge onto land for long periods of time, especially in captivity. However, some may emerge halfway and "rest" in that position for a period of time. Hiding places can consist of stacked rocks with plenty of small, dark crevices, small rock caves, stacked driftwood, etc. Bare bottom tanks are sometimes used with P. waltl, but medium-sized gravel is acceptable for substrate, as well. If a bare bottom tank is used, then decaying organic matter (i.e. feces, shed skin, uneaten food, etc.) should be siphoned out of the tank weekly or biweekly, and sufficient biological filtration should be included. The tank should also have a secure, preferably screen, lid, as most newt species can climb glass and escape when determined enough to do so. See article 0020 - Captive Habitats: Ideas, Instructions, and Examples and the Captive & Wild Habitats section of the Photo Gallery.Juveniles are also highly aquatic, and can be housed identically to the adults. To avoid injury, smaller newts should not be housed with adults. As with all amphibians, tap water should be treated with a water conditioner or primer prior to the introduction of amphibians. Never use plain tap water, de-ionized, distilled, or reverse osmosis water alone with amphibians. Also, the tank should be cycled (nitrogen cycle) prior to the introduction of amphibians, and water chemistry should be within healthy range. See article 0006 - Water Quality and Amphibians and article 0009 - Introduction to the Nitrogen Cycle for more information about water quality and the importance of the nitrogen cycle.

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Breeding Behavior
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Adult males generally possess longer and more laterally compressed tails than females, however, this may be difficult to determine in all cases. During the breeding season, males develop black nuptial pads on the insides of the front legs, and often display a reddish-orange hue along the body. Sexual dimorphism is very subtle, and sometimes the only way to tell the males from the females is to actually see them in amplexus, for which the male always amplexes the female from below. Juveniles will also begin amplexing one another at a fairly young age, sometimes at less than a year old, although fertile eggs are rarely produced at this age.Mating takes place in the water, and in a typical season, P. waltl will begin breeding from March to June, usually during the onset of Spring. Unusually warm winters may prompt a second breeding season, or the continuation of the breeding season through the remainder of the year. Amplexus consists of the male swimming under the female, and grasping her front legs with his. They may stay locked in this position for several minutes, sometimes more than an hour. Some have reported amplexus lasting for several hours. After a time, the male will turn around and deposit a spermatophore near the females cloaca. Sometimes the male will attempt to position the female over the spermatophore.Uninterested females may thrash about the tank violently to force the male to release her, which may or may not work.In captivity, the breeding season can be simulated by a slight rise in temperature, and/or flooding of the tank. Some individuals may be prompted to breed by simply raising the water level several inches. A rain chamber can also be used to simulate the rainy season and flood the tank.Established colonies will breed consistently with only the subtle seasonal temperature changes incurred in an insulated building, such as a house, and with no additional help from their keepers.Between 200 and 1300 eggs are produced in a season, depending on the age and size of the female, and are usually deposited in small clumps of 5-20 eggs. Eggs may be attached to submerged vegetation, rocks, wood, or simply strewn about the ground. In captivity, it is not uncommon for the female to simply deposit them on the ground, where they may be easily consumed by other newts in the tank, or even the mother.Eggs and larvae should be kept around 69ްF- 73ްF to simulate the summer temperatures in the wild.After metamorphosis, the young are mostly aquatic, like the adults, but may leave the water periodically for short periods of time. The coloration is identical to the adult pattern. New morphs grow very quickly when fed often, and can reach close to adult size in less than a year.Although not very common, some neotenous individuals have been noted in captivity, and in the wild.In captivity, young females may produce infertile eggs periodically. The first fertile clutch produced by young females are often smaller than normal, as well, and sometimes mistaken for infertile eggs.

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Feeding Pleurodeles waltl
Pleurodeles waltl¤Îµë±Â



Pleurodeles species are voracious eaters, and can become accustomed to a regular feeding regimen. P. waltl typically lunge at anything relatively close to moving, and will often accept all types of live foods, and even frozen foods. Chopped earthworms, waxworms, maggots, and frozen bloodworms can comprise the main diet of P. waltl, with other items fed intermittently. Crickets should not be included in the main diet, as the voracious feeding habits of P. waltl can lead to impaction or gastric overload, both of which can prove fatal.Juveniles are mostly, if not entirely, aquatic, and can be feed the same diet as mentioned previously. Larvae can be fed black worms, blood worms, brine shrimp, copepods, daphnia, chopped earthworm, grindal worms, microworms, tubifex worms, springtails, paramecium, scuds (amphipods), and whiteworms. During feeding time, morphed individuals tend to frenzy at the scent of food, and often accidentally grab at, and bite nearby newts. Large newts are capable of inflicting serious wounds, even taking off limbs of other newts, and for this reason, ample territory is required for P. waltl. Also, turning off filters during feeding time reduces the frenzying behavior significantly, as the newts can pinpoint the scent of food easier. See article 0002 - Amphibian Foods and Feeding Tips for more information on commonly available food items.

Pleurodeles¼ï¤ÏìÅÍߤ˿©¤Ù¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢Äê´üŪ¤Êµë±ÂÀݼè¤Ë´·¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£P.waltl¤Ï¡¢°ìÈÌŪ¤Ëư¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ë¶á¤Å¤¤¤ÆÈæ³ÓŪ²¿¤Ç¤âÆÍ¿Ê¤·¤Æ¡¢¤µ¤Þ¤¶¤Þ¤ÊÀ¸¤­±Â¤äÎäÅà¥Õ¡¼¥É¤µ¤¨¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¿©¤Ù¤Þ¤¹¡£¹ï¤ó¤À¤¿¥ß¥ß¥º¡¢¥ï¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥ï¡¼¥à¡¢¥¦¥¸¤äÎäÅà¥ß¥ß¥º¤òP. waltl¤Î¥á¥¤¥ó¤Î¥¨¥µ¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£ÃÇ³Ū¤Ë¾¤Î¥¨¥µ¤âµë±Â¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£P. waltl¤Î²¢À¹¤ÊºÎ±Â½¬´·¤¬µÍ¤Þ¤ê¤Þ¤¿¤Ï°ßÉéô¤Î¤«¤±²á¤®¤Ë¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢¥³¥ª¥í¥®¤Ï¼çÍפʥ¨¥µ¤Ë´Þ¤á¤Æ¤Ï¤¤¤±¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ÎξÊý¤ÏÃ×̿Ū¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤ï¤«¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¼ã¤¤¸ÄÂΤÎÂçÉôʬ¤ÏÁ´¤¯¤Î¿åÀ¸Æ°Êª¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢Á°½Ò¤Î¤È¤ª¤ê¡¢Æ±¤¸¥¨¥µ¤òµë±Â¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£ÍÄÀ¸¤Ï¡¢¹õ¤¤Ãî¡¢Ãî¡¢¥Ö¥é¥¤¥ó¥·¥å¥ê¥ó¥×¡¢¥«¥¤¥¢¥·Îà¡¢¥ß¥¸¥ó¥³¡¢¹ï¤ó¤À¥ß¥ß¥º¡¢grindal¤ÊÃî¡¢¥Þ¥¤¥¯¥í¥ï¡¼¥à¡¢¥¤¥È¥ß¥ß¥º¡¢¥È¥Ó¥à¥·¡¢¥¾¥¦¥ê¥à¥·¡¢¥¹¥«¥Ã¥É¡Ê¥è¥³¥¨¥ÓÎà¡Ë¤È¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¥ï¡¼¥à¤òÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£µë±Â»þ´Ö¤Î´Ö¡¢¥â¡¼¥Õ¥£¥ó¥°¤·¤¿¸ÄÂΤϿ©Êª¤Î¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Çµ¤¤¬¶¸¤Ã¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê·¹¸þ¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¶á¤¯¤Î¥¤¥â¥ê¤ò¶öÁ³¤Ë¤Ä¤«¤â¤¦¤È¤·¤Æ³ú¤ß¤Ä¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£Â¾¤Î¥¤¥â¥ê¤Î»Í»è¤µ¤¨ÀÚÃǤ·¤Æ¡¢Â礭¤Ê¥¤¥â¥ê¤Ï½Å½ý¤òÉé¤ï¤»¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤³¤ÎÍýͳ¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢½½Ê¬¤ÊÎΰ褬P. waltl¤Î¤¿¤á¤ËɬÍפǤ¹¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢¥¤¥â¥ê¤Ï´Êñ¤Ë¿©Êª¤Î¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤òÀµ³Î¤Ë¤µ¤¬¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Æ¡¢µë±Â¤Î´Ö¡¢¥Õ¥£¥ë¥¿¡¼¤òÀڤ뤳¤È¤Ï¤«¤Ê¤ê¶¸Ë½¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¹Ôư¤ò¸º¤é¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£µ­»ö0002¤ò¸«¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤ - °ìÈ̤ËÍøÍѤǤ­¤ë¿©ÉʺàÎÁ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¾ÜºÙ¤Ê¾ðÊó¤Î¤¿¤á¤ÎξÀ¸Îà¤Î¥¨¥µ¤Èµë±Â¥Á¥Ã¥×¥¹¡£



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References
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Carranza, S., and E. N. Arnold. 2003. History of West Mediterranean newts, Pleurodeles (Amphibia: Salamandridae), inferred from old and recent DNA sequences. Systematics and Biodiversity 1(3) 327-337.

Carranza, S., and E. Wade. 2004. Taxonomic revision of Algero-Tunisian Pleurodeles (Caudata: Salamandridae) using molecular and morphologica data. Revalidation of the taxon Pleurodeles nebulosus (Guichenot, 1850). Zootaxa 488 1-24.

Dorazi, R., A. Chesnel, and C. Dournon. 1995. Opposite sex determination of gonads in two Pleurodeles species may be due to a temperature-dependent inactivation of sex chromosomes. J. Hered 86: 28-31.

Frost, Darrel & AMNH. Amphibian Species of the World 3.0, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. (Accessed: 2004).

Griffiths, Richard A. Newts and Salamanders of Europe. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc., 1996.

Obst, Fritz Jugen, Udo Jacob, and K. Richter. Completely Illustrated Atlas of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Terrarium. Neptune City, NY: T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1989.

Schleich, H.H, W. Kastle, and K. Kabisch. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 1996.

Other Resources
AmphibiaWeb (Pleurodeles waltl entry)
Rieo.net (Pleurodeles waltl photos)

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Keeping & Breeding
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By Terry McGleish


The Dwarf Shield Tailed Agama (Xenagama taylori) is a small agamid originating from arid regions of Northeastern Africa. The tail resembles a miniature "shield", hence the common name, Shield Tailed Agama. They are very hardy lizards which adapt well to captivity. One unique characteristic we have discovered is that they will dig a shallow tunnel and block the entrance with their tail at night in hopes of deterring any would be predators. The Xenagama taylori is a very personable lizard with many interesting habits and characteristics, many of which resemble the very popular bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps), which makes them an excellent choice as a new breeding project or a pet lizard.
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Xenagama taylori grow to an adult size of 3" to 3 1/2" in length and weigh up to 20 grams. Hatchlings range from 5/8" - 1" in length and weigh as little as 3 grams at birth. Coloration varies from a dull sandy brown to a brilliant "brick red" body color with varying amounts of black speckling. Small amounts of partial white spotting is noticeable on young specimens, but seem to fade with age. Adult males display a brilliant neon blue chin coloration when "fired up", usually during breeding behavior, male combat or a heightened state of alertness. Some females will also show varying amounts of blue chin coloration, but is very nominal compared to that of the male.
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Housing & Substrates:
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¢¬Communal cage set-up
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We have tried several housing and substrate combinations and have had varying amounts of success with each. At first sand was considered to be the substrate of choice, due to the belief that this most resembled their natural environment, but was quickly discarded because of the lack its tunneling ability. Our next choice was a combination of cypress mulch and sand, where sand was placed on one end of the enclosure and mulch on the other. The lizards did not seem to prefer either end over the other, but we did notice they spent the night time hours buried under the cypress mulch. The problem with this type of set-up was their food items would bury themselves in the mulch and go unnoticed, and after several days and feedings the enclosure would have hundreds of crickets or mealworms running around stressing the lizards. We have found that garden soil dug from outside works the best. It has great compacting abilities, which allows for tunneling, is easily cleaned or replaced, and does not offer the food items a place to hide and go uneaten. Substrate should be between 3" to 5" deep as Xenagama taylori are great diggers, they are often seen digging multiple tunnels under and around the rock slabs and/or driftwood pieces supplied for basking. Their basking area usually consist of a large piece of driftwood and/or slabs of rock or brick. Temperatures at the basking site range from 90 - 110 degrees Fahrenheit which is supplied by an overhead lamp with a reflective shield. We use a 75 watt bulb placed 10" - 12" above the highest point of the basking rock. The cool end of the enclosure is approximately 20 degrees cooler, which allows for thermoregulation. Water is offered continuously in a small water dish about 1" deep, and is buried to where the rim of the dish is even with the top of the substrate. The lizards occasionally drink from the water dish, but we noticed they seem to prefer to drink droplets of water which form on the sides of the enclosure and the basking spots as a result of being misted every other day.
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¢¬Rock slabs provided for basking.
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Additional Lighting:
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There are some concerns about the amount of UV-B and UV-A light requirements of shield tail agamas. At this time we offer little or no additional lighting except for an incandescent bulb used for basking. To date, we have not seen any ill effects from the lack of natural sunlight, although a vitamin/mineral supplement with vitamin D-3 is offered in hopes of fulfilling these needs. Long term deprivation of direct sunlight may prove detrimental, so some exposure is suggested, even if it consist of only a few hours per week.
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Feeding:
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The diet of the shield tail agama very much resembles that of the bearded dragon, consisting of small to medium crickets, mealworms, occasional super worms and a varied "green" leafy salad. Crickets or mealworms are offered daily in amounts which will be eaten over the period of the day. This is generally 3 - 5 food items each. We also dust the crickets/mealworms with a vitamin/mineral supplement such as "Miner-all" or "Reptamin" twice per week. Although, it is not known what importance leafy matter plays in their diet, finely chopped dark greens and vegetables are offered twice a week in small amounts and are misted with fresh water. Greens offered are: Collard greens, mustard greens, romaine lettuce and endive. Vegetables consist of shredded yellow squash, zucchini and carrots. Sub-adult taylori and gravid females seem to relish the greens, but others tend to turn their noses at the offering.
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Sexing:
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Males (on left) can be identified by the enlarged femoral pores and a yellowish waxy substance present around the pores. Female on right has very small femoral pores which are barely noticeable.
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Sexing of hatchlings and young juvenile shield tails is very difficult if not impossible. Sub-adult and adults can easily be sexed by examining the femoral pores present just above the ventral opening. A males femoral pores are very pronounced and secrete a waxy substance which is dark yellow in coloration. The waxy substance is not present on females, and the femoral pores can barely be seen.
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Breeding & Egg Deposition
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Male (left) showing typical blue coloration on chin.
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Gravid female (right) shows increased girth as eggs develop.
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First thought to be a solitary animal, we kept our lizards separate from each other except during breeding trials. The animals were brumated for a period of two months from November 15th to January 15th, where temperatures were kept at night time lows of 65 degrees and daytime highs of 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and a photoperiod of 8 hours. Food was offered once per week in smaller amounts than normal, with water available at all times. At the end of the brumation period, temperatures and daylight hours were slowly increased along with their regular feeding regimen. By February 1st they were back to normal feeding schedules and had a 12 hour daylight cycle. Males were introduced to the single females one at a time, but no breeding activity was noticed. Thinking that they may be a communal breeder, we set up larger enclosures consisting of one male to four or five females. Breeding behavior was noticed almost immediately. The male would "fire up" his chin to the brightest neon blue we have seen yet, and commence to head bobbing erratically and "doing push-ups". The male will chase the females around the enclosure and literally "wrestle" the female while attempting to breed. The first time we witnessed this behavior, we thought we mistakenly placed two males in the same enclosure and they were fighting, but upon closer inspection we discovered they were actually in the act of mating. Males have also been seen copulating with multiple females over the course of a single day. From our experiences, multiple males or male combat is not required to induce breeding behavior.
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Approximately two weeks after the first successful copulation, the females start to show signs of being gravid. The abdomen increases in size and bulges start to appear from the eggs forming inside. On several occasions, gravid females were pulled from the colony and placed in an egg laying chamber, which consist of approximately 10" - 12" of tightly packed soil, but failed to dig a nest and lay their eggs. So they were placed back in with the colony, thinking that they were not quite ready to lay. We then noticed that the gravid females started digging furiously after being sprayed with water during their every other day mistings. It seems that the females prefer to dig and lay their eggs after a simulated rain, so we started misting the egg laying chambers heavily to induce the females to deposit their eggs. The female will dig a deep tunnel, approximately 8" - 10" deep and deposit 5 to 8 small white eggs. After deposition, she will completely fill the tunnel and compact the dirt with her nose. Once finished there are no signs of any tunnels or eggs being deposited. After the female has deposited her eggs, we remove her from the egg laying enclosure and soak her in a container of water approximately 1/2" deep for 30 minutes so she can get re-hydrated, then place her in an enclosure by herself for a few days to recuperate from egg laying. After a couple days she is reintroduced to the colony. We have females which have already deposited their first clutch of the season become gravid for a second time, confirming the belief that they lay multiple clutches during a single season. The number of clutches per year is still unknown, but we believe they are similar to bearded dragons, and can deposit up to 4 or more clutches per season.
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Egg Incubation:
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Usually 6 to 8 small eggs are deposited in a 10" to 12" deep nest. Eggs will hatch in 45 to 50 days incubated at 82 to 84 degrees farenheit.
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The eggs are carefully excavated from the egg laying chamber and placed in a perilite/vermiculite mixture and placed into an incubator calibrated to 82-84 degrees Fahrenheit. The incubator is kept at 100% humidity by keeping a container of water inside the incubator, and periodic misting with a spray bottle. After a 45 to 50 day incubation period the eggs start to darken in color and usually hatch within 48 hours. The young xenagama are left in the incubator for 24 hours to allow the yolksac to be absorbed, and then moved to a small enclosure and kept on a paper towel substrate. We mist the newly hatched lizards twice a day to keep them hydrated, and offer pinhead crickets after 2 or 3 days of emerging from the egg. Young Xenagama taylori grow fairly rapidly, and will double in size in the first two months. Size of the food items are increased as the young taylori grow, and greens are introduced at about one month of age. We keep the hatchlings and juveniles in communal set-ups identical to that of the adults. With the fast rate of growth, we believe sexual maturity is reached within the first year, but do not actually attempt breeding until well into their second year.
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Captive born 2001 hatchlings at three months are approximately 1 3/4" long.
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Although the exact husbandry of keeping Xenagama taylori is not yet completely known, we are well on our way to understanding this unique species. Successful captive breedings will become more common and will help to promote the shield tailed agama as an exciting and interesting lizard kept by hobbyist. We urge hobbyist who have had success keeping this species to share their husbandry techniques, and help promote the species.
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